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Caldera collapse during the catastrophic
1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes, and left
only a remnant of Rakata volcano.
The post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau),
constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former
cones of Danan and Perbuwatan, has been the site of frequent
eruptions since 1927.
The Krakatau edifice grew as one or more stratovolcanoes of
dominantly hypersthene-augite andesite composition. The geology of
Krakatau has been described by Effendi and others (1985, 1986), who
identified five main evolutionary periods. Period 1 was an early
growth phase that included accumulation of lavas and pyroclastics.
Period 2 was marked by caldera formation, accompanied by pyroclastic
flows and partly welded tuffs (ignimbrites). The cones of Rakata,
Danan, and Perbuwatan grew during the third period and were largely
destroyed during the fourth period, which included the paroxysmal
eruption of August 1883. Another growth phase (period 5) began by
December 1927, when Anak Krakatau was first noticed in submarine
eruption. ...
Several years of regional seismicity culminated in the famous
caldera-forming eruption of August 1883 (Verbeek, 1886; Judd, 1888).
Earthquakes were felt in west Java and eastern Sumatra 5-6 years
before the 1883 eruption, and in northern Australia in the 3 years
before the eruption. On 1 September 1880, a strong earthquake
damaged the First Point lighthouse on the west end of Java (70
kilometers south-southwest of Krakatau). more earthquakes were felt
at First Point on 9-10 May 1883 and at Katimbang (40 kilometers
north-northeast) during 15-20 May 1883. None of the above-mentioned
earthquakes is known to have been of volcanic origin and centered
beneath Krakatau; more likely, they reflect a buildup and release of
tectonic stress in the sunda Strait area.
A mild ash and steam eruption began from Perbuwatan on 20 May 1883,
and similar eruptions continued for 3 months. At times several vents
were in eruption simultaneously. On 11 August, vigorous ash-laden
gas columns rose from the main crater of Perbuwatan, the former vent
of Danan, and from the foot of Danan; in addition, "no fewer than
eleven other foci of eruption could be observed on the visible
portions of the island, from which smaller steam-columns issued and
ejections of ash took place" (Judd, 1888, p.13). At least some of
the early ash was basaltic, suggesting that intrusion of basaltic
melt into the silicic reservoir may have played a role in initiating
these eruptions (Francis and Self, 1983). The small eruptions
intensified on 24 August 1883 and culminated in the famous,
climactic explosion of 27 August 1883 (Verbeek, 1886; Judd, 1888;
Simkin and Fiske, 1983).
Earthquakes and rumbling, not demonstrably from Krakatau, were noted
in 1898 (Koninklijk Magnetisch en Meteorologisch Observatorium te
Batavia, 1899). On 13 August 1913, a strong tectonic earthquake
occurred in the Bantam-Krakatau region, damaging the First Point
lighthouse. Fishermen where were on the islands of Krakatau reported
that part of the caldera wall collapsed. They also reported that at
1000 hours a "column of fire" rose out of the crater, whereupon they
heard a cannonlike sound and fled (Visser, 1920). There are no
independent reports of eruptions of Krakatau in 1913, and we suspect
that only a landslide occurred.
Eruptions from December 1927 to 1981, mostly of basaltic andesite,
built the Anak Krakatau ("child of Krakatau") cone in the center of
the 1883 caldera ...
The August 1883 eruption of Krakatau is often cited as a classic
example of caldera formation by collapse following eruption of large
volumes of pumice (Williams, 1941; Williams and McBirney, 1979; Self
and Rampino, 1981, 1982; Francis and Self, 1983). However, other
workers have suggested alternate mechanisms for formation of the
Krakatau Caldera. Yokoyama (1981, 1982) concluded that the caldera
formed by explosive destruction and reaming of the preeruption
edifice, and Camus and Vincent (1983) and Francis (1985) favored an
origin by large-scale collapse of the northern part of Krakatau
Island (similar to the volcanic landslide at Mount St. Helens on 18
May 1980). Regrettable, much of the evidence is sumbmarine and
inaccessible, but we are impressed by the similarity of Krakatau and
other, better-exposed calderas (for example, Crater Lake) that are
thought to have formed by simple collapse following voluminous
pumice eruptions. The volume of magma erupted in the plinian
eruption (9 cubic kilometers) is adequate to explain the caldera
without invoking a landslide origin.
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is a
scale that describes the size of an explosive volcanic eruption. VEI
is analogous to the Richter magnitude scale for earthquakes. In the 0
to 8 scale of VEI, each interval represents an increase of a factor of
ten. An eruption of VEI 4 is 10 times larger than a 3 and one hundred
times larger than a 2. Key characteristics that define VEI include:
Volume of ash produced
Height of eruption cloud above the vent
Duration of eruption
Krakatau, Indonesia, 1883
VEI 6 (Very Large)
Bulk Volume of Erupted Products: 4 cubic miles
Ashfall thicknesses vary greatly within a single VEI category due to
differences in eruption and wind conditions. Typically a VEI 6 will
produce:
Eruption column height above vent: greater than 80,000 feet
Approximate ash thickness at 10 miles: 10 feet
Approximate ash thickness at 100 miles: 1 foot
Approximate ash thickness at 300 miles: 1 inch
Article above taken from Volcanology
USGS Gov
Krakatau Tour
Krakatau tour or krakatoa Volcano tours
the journey will start from carita beach crossing sunda strait by
speed boat double engine to the volcanic island of
Krakatoa-Cracatoa-krakatau which about 45 miles a way and the journey
will Takes about 1,5 hours on the way sail to Krakatau volcano
possibility to see group of flying fish, Tuna, dolphin come to the
surface and jump, for while the view of Sumatra and java island can be
see as well, the fishing house nearby Carita beach and fisherman with
traditional wooden boat make completely scene of Sunda strait, the
Sunda strait is busy shipping land. the first destination is anak
krakatau (child of Krakatau), sail around the anak Krakatau to see the
kind of larva and the smoke can be seen come out from the VAN and from
the sloven of Krakatau the new crater now is on the side toward to the
west since November 2007, the boat will stop for view minutes to take
time and give chance to get picture of smoking steam crater and the
continuing journey to the land of Anak Krakatau volcano, landing at
the Krakatau beach mostly clear water with soft and hot black sand,
after take rest for a few minute continuing tracking, hiking and climb
up to the top of Anak Krakatau, the normal tours to Krakatau climb up
only to the first level (the first elevation) at about 180m from sea
level, also possible to climb up to the second level (highest
elevation) at about 300 m from sea level need authority permit. the
journey will takes about 30-40 minutes to climbing first level of anak
Krakatau and will takes about 90 minutes climbing Krakatau - Cracatoa
Volcano to the highest elevation. the fabulous view from the elevation
one of your proudly if you can reach the first elevation its also be
our proudly to take you to the elevation of Krakatau volcano. from
here we can see the view of outer Island of Krakatau and one of the
best place to take a picture of Krakatau and other island around
Krakatau (Sertung Island, Rakata Island, and panjang island) Sumatra
and Java can be seen when the weather are clear. the hot volcanic sand
and smoke steam come out from rock hole "Van" make the completely of
your trip to krakatau volcano tours or Krakatoa tour, the next
destination we will visit Rakata island (The Mother of krakatau) for
skin dive / snorkeling at the Legon Cabe "chili bay" coral reef here
we will try to see kind of colorful coral fishes after skin dive we
will landing on the beach for lunch, swimming and sun bathing the
beach at Rakata island mostly clear glassy and blue water here is last
destination the tour completely and sail back to Carita beach end of
tour. to make your experiences and adventure tours more impressing
about Krakatau we suggest you to visit Anyer light house here you will
see the ruin of old light house which destroyed by Tsunami of Krakatau
and the new light house was built in 1885 2 year after Krakatau
explosion.
History
The Krakatoa Volcano - Krakatau Volcano
Indonesia this group of island consists of three islands and one
volcano. These islands and volcano were formerly a single giant
ancient Krakatoa - Krakatau volcano. It believed that the ancient
volcano erupted at around 600 AD and tore apart in to 3 islands which
now surrounded the current active volcano. Due to the volcanic
activities, once again the southern part of he remain grew up and
formed a new volcano, followed by the growth of other two volcano to
its north and joined up together formed a 9 km of length and 3 km of
width of fire island.
August 27, 1883 was recorded as the biggest eruption the volcano ever
made. Killed more than 36.000 peoples, devastated the surrounding area
with it's 30 -40 m high of tidal wave. The two volcanoes on the north
plus half cone of the southern volcano were gone. The baby volcano it
self just grew around 30 years the big bang. The smoking cone you now
see is a grandchild of Krakatau, Anak Krakatau (the Baby of Krakatau),
which first appeared in 1929 and has been growing yearly
Ample time to climb on moon like landscape Actual height of old
Krakatoa - Krakatau 813 M. Actual height of anak ( child ) of Krakatau
194 M in 1987. and 300 m in 2006 which in 1927 emerged from the bottom
of the sea. Trip depend on the demand and availability 10 hours or 6
hours on day trip. Also possible stay over night Camping at Krakatau
Island. Boat available from Carita.1 up to 1,5 hours by speed boat 3
up to 4 hours by Slow wooden boat.
The Krakatoa - Krakatau Volcano Indonesia,
The Big bang of KRAKATAU 1883 On Monday morning August 27th 1883 at
10.05. The Sound of Krakatoa - Krakatau explosion in 1883. Its heard
in Srilangka, India, Karachi, Australia ( Perth ), Madagascar Island,
and reach 3000 miles a way to the Indian Ocean
Krakatau 1883 - Krakatoa 1883 Tossed 18-20 cubic kilometer Material of
earth 30 Km high in to the atmosphere, the heavy material Back to the
earth but the soft material and particles gas and ash rise up to the
atmosphere and covering the atmosphere caused radiation of the sun
back to the space. The hot wave of Volcanic gas and ash was circling
and traveling around the globe 7 times for 4 days, Caused Blood Red
color , Orange and Fantastic colored sun set, Blue Moon can be seen
for 4 5 years (1883 1888).- Caused Disturbances of radio
communication all round the globe for 3 day. The Krakatau Volcano -
krakatoa volcano explosion has power more than 100.000 ton Atomic
boom.
Kraktau Tsunami 1883
The Giant Tsunami of Krakatoa - Krakatu Volcano about 30 - 40 Meter
High and the speed reach about 180-200 km/h. It was destroyer more
than 270 villages around Java and Sumatra and more than 36.000 people
die by tsunami and most the kids was killed by the Volcanic Gas. The
Krakatau - Krakatoa tsunami Lifted the Steamer Boat BEROUW up the
Kaoeripan River valley at Lampung bay depositing the ship over 3 miles
inland and killing all 28 crew steamer ship, On Sunday August 27th
1883 at 10.05 am the sky was changed suddenly dark and the lighting
blasted, rained by black sand, ash and dust. in the distance could be
seen the thousands of flame rock flied tossed to the atmosphere from
Krakatoa -Krakatau volcano, the local peoples said that was Dooms day
KIAMAT .the big stone as big as car was land on Carita beach, and
many prisoners was killed by blasted lighting at Tanjung Layar Light
house (Ujung kulon) and the light house was destroy as well. it was
reported later and The Anyar Light house to navigated Shipping land at
Sunda Strait was destroyed too but the light house keeper was secure
and report on light house keeper log book.
The Effect of Krakatoa - Krakatau volcano
hot wave, dust and ash into the Atmosphere
- Caused Blood red color, orange and fantastic colored sunset, blue
moon can be seen for 4-5 years (1883-1885).
- Caused Disturbances of radio communication all around the globe for
3 day.
- The fabulous sunset can be seen in Australia, Paris, England, japan,
Brazil and USA.
- Japan, Yoko hama August 29th 1883, "Blood Red with jet like smoke
passing across it's face lasted 2 day
- In sarry has light pink cirras stripes at sunset September 26th
1883.
- Buenos Ayres february 24th 1884, the glow was begin they lasted 1,5
hours the sun and the moon occasionally colored.
- Somerset, Mass U.S (S.S.R) beautiful colored sunset at last of
September 1883.
- Rio de janeiro Last of September 1883 very strong glows as never
before seen.
- Chelsea, west London, the sky seriously changing at the sunset
between September 1883 - 1886.
Reborn of Anak krakatau (Child of
Krakatoa Volcano)
Forty years after the main explosion, in the beginning of 1927,
volcanic activity was seen in the sea covering the old caldera,
between the sites of the two northern most former volcanoes of
Krakatau, where the greatest activity had occurred at the time of the
cataclysm. A series of eruptions 185 m below the surface of the sea
resulted in the emergence of tree new island, one after the other.
They were all soon destroyed by surf. A fourth emerged from the sea on
August 12th 1930. It remained above water, and was aptly named Anak
Krakatau ( Child of Krakatau ). its grew by the accumulation of ash,
and suffered a devastating eruption in 1952, and another very
destructive one in 1972. It is now 300 m high and 2 km in diameter,
and is still active. The northeast coast, north forel and and east
fore land are now vegetated; the succession of vegetation is still at
an early stage, over 200 species of higher plants Casuarina
Equisetifolia (Cemara ) being the dominant trees and 36 kinds species
of birds was recorded at 1980.
The three outer islands of the present
Krakatau volcano group (Rakata, Sertung and Panjang) are though to be
the remnants of one previous huge volcanic island called "Ancient
Krakatau" . it was 11.000 m in diameter and 2000 m high, according to
records in the Javanes BOOK OF KING it exploded and collapsed, perhaps
in prehistoric times but possibly as recently as 416 AD.
Type and Typical of Krakatau (Krakatoa)
volcano Sunda Strait Indonsia
Name : Krakatoa Volcano - Krakatau Volcano
Location : Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra, Indonesia
Summit elevation : 813 M (2.667 ft), Anak Krakatau 300 M
Volcano type : Caldera
Last eruption of Krakatau : 1530, 1680, 1684, 1883 (Plinian eruption),
1927-30 (reborn of anak Krakatau), 1931-32, 1932-34, 1943, 1944, 1945,
1946, 1946-47, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1958-59, 1959-63, 1965,
1969, 1972-73, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1992-93, 1994-95,
1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, Oct 2007 - March 2008, 24th March 2009
till October 2009, Now October 2010... !,
Krakatau typical eruption : Explosive, Contruction of chinder cone
island (Anak Krakatau) inside caldera formed by the Krakatau 1883
eruption. frequently strombolian activities.
Krakatoa tour - Krakatau tour the new up date information about
Krakatau volcano:
The Krakatoa Volcano - krakatau volcano are active with explosion and
tossed the hard material
since 24th March 2009 till to October 2009, Now.. October 2010
Krakatau volcano Active... its would be nice to see the night
explosion in the night with Krakatoa-Krakatau Volcano tour stay over
night trip.
Krakatau Volcano Island - Krakatoa Volcano Island (Anak Gunung
Krakatau) Administration:
In 1976 North Gunung Honje is Part of Ujung Kulon by Decision Letter
of Ministrer of Agriculture No.39/kpts Um/1979, covering area of 9,498
ha, by Decision Letter of Ministri of Forestry No.96/kpts/II/1984,the
area consisting of: Ujung Kulon Peninsula, Gunung Honje, Peucang and
Panaitan Island, Krakarau Volcano Island - Krakatoa Volcano (Anak
Gunung Krakatau) and Carita Receration Park.
In 1990 based on Decision Latter of Director General Forest Protection
and Nature Conservation o.44/kpts/DJ/1990 on 8 May 1990, Ujung Kulon
National Park relasing Krakatau Volcano Island to Management of Nature
Conversation II Tanjung Karang, and Carita Recreation Park to Perum
Perhutani Unit III West Java.
In 1992 Ujung Kulon National Park and Krakatau Volcano-Krakatoa
Volcano Island Nature Reserve declared as World Heritage Site By
United Nation Education, Social and Culture Organization (UNESCO) With
the decree No.SC/Eco/5867.2.409, on 1992.
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